The invention that turned Apple into a world-beating, billion-selling, society-changing colossus was not a laptop or a music player; it was the iPhone. It seemed to appear in 2007, fully formed, beautifully conceived, self-assured, and conceptually obvious.
But behind the scenes, the iPhone we know today was made possible by more than bold bets, fanatical attention to detail, brilliant design, and a vision for the future; there were also false starts, last-minute redesigns, and a few strokes of luck.
For starters, the product Apple set out to build first was not a phone. It was a tablet.
Interdisciplinary teams at Apple are always experimenting with fledgling technologies. “There’s hundreds of little startups that are just poking around, doing stuff,” says sensors VP Myra Haggerty. “Sometimes someone’s like, ‘Hey, come look at what we’re working on!’ Then you go into some random lab somewhere, and they’re doing this really cool thing. ‘What could we do with this?’”
Take, for example, Duncan Kerr’s projector demo.
In 1999, Kerr, a British designer with a polymath design background—engineering, technology, industrial design, interface prototyping—had joined industrial design chief Jony Ive’s studio.
In early 2003, he began holding Tuesday meetings with interface designers and input engineers to explore new ways of interacting with computers; after all, the old “point mouse, click button” routine was 25 years old. Kerr’s team experimented with technologies like camera-driven systems, spatial audio, haptics (vibrating feedback), and 3D screens. “We’d invite research people in, or companies who had some curious technology. We did a lot of demos, tried stuff out,” he says.
Kerr was especially intrigued by the idea of manipulating on-screen objects with fingers. But mocking up ideas on paper could take the team only so far. He, along with interface designers Bas Ording and Imran Chaudhri, wanted to build a real-world multi-touch display to continue their explorations. Enter: the iGesture NumPad mouse/touchpad.
It was a flat, black trackpad, 6.25 x 5 inches, made by a Delaware company called FingerWorks. Wayne Westerman was a piano player and repetitive stress sufferer; with his professor John Elias, he’d invented a set of keyboards that required barely a feather’s touch. Because they could detect and track multiple finger touches simultaneously, they could also interpret gestures that you drew on the surface, replacing mouse actions. For “Open,” for example, you could twist your fingertips on the surface as though opening a jar.
In late 2003, Apple commissioned FingerWorks to build a bigger version of their multi-touch pad: 12 x 9.5 inches, a better approximation of a computer screen’s size. Kerr’s team set up a test rig in the design studio of Infinite Loop 2. They mounted an LCD projector on a tripod, shining directly down onto the trackpad. They taped a sheet of white paper over it so that the projector’s image—generated by a nearby Power Mac—would be bright and clear. Then the fun began: developing ways to interact with the on-screen elements. You could slide a finger to move an icon in the projected image. You could spread two fingers apart to enlarge a map or a photo. Using both hands, you could tap, move, and stretch objects. It was magical.
In November 2003, Kerr’s team showed the demo to Ive, who showed it to Steve Jobs. Everyone who saw the multi-touch demo loved it, swore that it was the future. Of what, they weren’t yet sure.
In late 2005, Jobs attended the 50th birthday party of a Microsoft engineer, the husband of a friend of his wife, Laurene. Over dinner, the guy lectured Jobs on how Microsoft had solved the future of computing by inventing a tablet with a stylus: portable, powerful, untethered.
“But he was doing the device all wrong,” Jobs said later, according to Walter Isaacson’s book Steve Jobs. “This dinner was like the 10th time he talked to me about it, and I was so sick of it that I came home and said, ‘Fuck this. Let’s show him what a tablet can really be.’”
